Endianness

Big-Endian: MSB has the lowest address (Motoroal processors, SPARC)

Little-endian: LSB has the lowest address (x86, VAX, Z80, 6502)

+ Networks generally use big-endian order
+ English language uses big-endian order

Algorithms to determine the endianness of a machine:

//Return 0 if little-endian; 1 if big-endian
int Endianess1()
{
     int testNum = 1;
     char *ptr = (char*)&testNum;

return *ptr; //return the first byte
}

int Endianness2()
{
      union {
           int theInterger;
           char singleByte;
       } endianTest;

       endianTest.theInteger = 1;
       return endianTest.singleByte;
}

Swapping variables without using temp

1) i = i  + j ;  j  =  i  - j;  i  =  i - j

2) i = i * j ; i = i / j; i = i / j

3) i = i ^ j; i = i ^ j; i = i ^ j